Mastaba, the Original Pyramids

A mastaba is a large rectangular structure that was used as a type of tomb, often for royalty, in Ancient Egypt. Mastabas were relatively low (especially when compared to pyramids), rectangular, flat-roofed, roughly bench shaped burial structures that were created and utilized for the pre-Dynastic pharaohs or nobility of Ancient Egypt. They had distinct sloping sides and were typically made of mud bricks or stones. The mastabas themselves served as visible monuments for the prominent Egyptian nobility that they housed, although the actual burial chambers for the mummified corpses were underground and were not visible to the public from the outside of the structure. Step Pyramid Technically, mastabas preceded the original pyramid. In fact, pyramids developed directly from mastabas, as the first pyramid was actually a type of step pyramid, which was constructed by stacking one mastaba directly on top of a slightly larger one. This process was repeated several times in order to create the initial pyramid. The original step pyramid was designed by Imhotepin the third millennium BC. The sloping sides of traditional pyramids were adopted directly from mastabas, although the flat roof typical of mastabas was replaced by a pointed roof in pyramids. The common flat-sided, pointed pyramid also developed directly from the mastabas. Such pyramids were created by modifying the step pyramid by filling in the uneven sides of the pyramids with stones and lime in order to create the flat, even outward appearance. This eliminated the stair-like appearance of step pyramids. Thus, the progression of pyramids went from the mastabas to the step pyramids to the bent pyramids (which was an in-between form of the step pyramid and the triangular shaped pyramids), and then finally the triangle shaped pyramids, like those seen at Giza. Usage Eventually, during the Old Kingdom in Egypt, Egyptian royalty such as kings stopped being buried in mastabas, and began being buried in more modern, and more aesthetically pleasing, pyramids. Egyptians of non-royal background continued to be buried in mastabas. From the Encyclopedia Britannica: â€Å"Old Kingdom mastabas were used chiefly for non-royal burials. In nonroyal tombs, a chapel was provided that included a formal tablet or stela on which the deceased was shown seated at a table of offerings. The earliest examples are simple and architecturally undemanding; later a suitable room, the tomb-chapel, was provided for the stela (now incorporated in a false door) in the tomb superstructure. Storage chambers were stocked with food and equipment, and walls were often decorated with scenes showing the deceased’s expected daily activities. What had earlier been a niche on the side grew into a chapel with an offering table and a false door through which the spirit of the deceased could leave and enter the burial chamber.†

The Effects of Discrimination and Racism in Skin...

Color discrimination is defined as a human being of the same race are treated differently based on their skin pigmentation, complexion, or skin tone. Your skin is made to bear the blame for the guilt, time, history, and death. There are numerous pigmentocracies throughout the world, and variability the light-skinned people in which are determined to have the highest social status. These are then followed by the brown-skinned, who occupy intermediate positions, and finally by the black-skinned who are at the bottom of the social hierarchy. This discrimination is found all over the world, especially in the Caribbean and Latin America in which it is most evident: (Lynn, 26). â€Å"The Ancient Egyptians, in their painted sculptures and wall†¦show more content†¦He always has been and will be a dictator from adolesence to old age. Growing up Castro had the advantages of ordering around slaves. â€Å"He knew the ultimate joys of childhood—he could do precisely what he wanted† (Quirk, 3). He played with the uneducated black children and spends his time with them in their huts eating their â€Å"staple† food. â€Å"Because of his fathers influence, he explained, â€Å"everyone lavished attention on me, flattered and treated me differently from the other children† (Quirk, 4). â€Å"In 1937 an African American Congressman Arthur Mitchell was refused admission to one of the best hotels in Havana. Public schools were open to all, but many whites sent their children to private schools that were largely or exclusively white† (Lynn, 34). The Cuban government encouraged â€Å"Whitening† and immigration from Europe in order to whiten the population. Cuba’s educational system consisted primarily of dreary public schools and â€Å"extravagant† private academies that were designated as Whites only. This all came to an end when the young lawyer, Fidel Castro led a small crowd of revolutionaries that toppled the United States government in 1959. After sweeping into power as a nationalist, Castro soon announced the Marxist character of the revolution. Castro had also announced an end to discrimination on the

Self Reliance Rhetorical Analysis Free Essays

â€Å"Self-Reliance† is a series of loosely related thoughts and extracts from lectures and journals that Ralph Wald Emerson has written in the past. Through the use of the classical argument, imagery, and many other rhetorical devices, Emerson makes such a convincing case that a person from almost any background would find it difficult to disagree with him. Emerson wrote this essay is to teach a lesson. We will write a custom essay sample on Self Reliance Rhetorical Analysis or any similar topic only for you Order Now He argues to the reader to trust themselves and to not conform to the standards of others. Emerson tells his audience, â€Å"Absolve you to yourself, and you shall have the suffrage of the world. This means that you must first have approval and support of yourself, and then you will gain approval of the world. The purpose of this essay, pertaining to any audience, is to show that a person needs to find his own truth, and have confidence or â€Å"self-reliance† in themselves. The author adds pathos to his essay by evoking the personal prejudices and biases of the audience. Pathos stands out most in his essay, as it contains a lot of emotional conflicts that we all face at some point or other in our lives. â€Å"Self- Reliance† is sprinkled with memorable sayings known as aphorisms. These are brief statements that express a general principle or truth about life. â€Å"A foolish consistency is the hobgoblin of the little minds† is a very popular aphorism Emerson uses in his essay. He adds logos, or reason, to his essay by giving examples of arguments that people face with themselves and others, and rationally explaining how we should deal with these struggles. Emerson adds ethos to his essay by referencing to well known people in history. He states that Luther, Socrates, Galileo, Newton, Pythagoras, Copernicus, and Jesus were all great minds that were misunderstood. By referencing to these people, he established credibility, as his audience is most likely familiar with the struggles and triumphs of a few or more of these people in history. Emerson uses a unique style of diction in this essay. He uses words such as â€Å"thyself†, â€Å"bestowed†, and â€Å"arduous†. To us his word choice seems to be very formal. We may even call it archaic, or out dated. But we must keep in mind that he was a 1 9th century writer, and this choice of words was probably ore common at the time he wrote this essay. Emerson uses a multitude of tropes in his essay. For example, he uses the metaphors â€Å"envy is ignorance† and â€Å"imitation is suicide† to explain what every man feels at some point in his life. As stated earlier, Emerson uses multiple aphorisms in this essay. His aphorisms proclaim his radical ideas in clear, concise sentences. His idea about consistency, for example, is distilled into one easy-to-remember aphorism, and is thereby amortized. In his essay, the author also says that, For nonconformity the world whips you with its displeasure. This is personification. What Emerson is trying to say is that there is common belief that if you are a nonconformist, meaning you do not follow generally accepted beliefs, then everyone in the world will think badly of you. Emerson does not believe this to be so. Emerson uses symbols and imagery of nature to support his claim of individuality. The â€Å"over soul† is one key element that Emerson illustrates in his essay , meaning that a person should look deep inside his heart and find his own truth. How to cite Self Reliance Rhetorical Analysis, Papers

Catastrophes that Plagued the Characters in Romeo Essay Example For Students

Catastrophes that Plagued the Characters in Romeo Essay and JulietCatastrophes that Plagued Characters in Romeo and JulietMany characters in William Shakespeares Romeo and Juliet invite the catastrophesthey experience. These characters are Mercutio, Romeo, and Friar Laurence. Mercutiobecause he never thinks before he acts. He has a very big mouth and will say anything tocreate a joke. Romeo because of this fight with Tybalt. If this fight never occurred thenthe outcome of the story could have been better for Romeo and Juliet. Maybe therefamilies could have set aside their differences for there children and live the rest of therelives in harmony. Friar Lawrence because I do not think he thought about the plan tounite Romeo and Juliet long enough. He should have gotten a reliable messenger toinform Romeo of the situation. Romeos friend Mercutio was a very witty energetic man. If he held his tongueand thought about what he said before acting on them he would not have gotten into somany fights. His jokes were probably taken lightly be his friends Romeo and Benvoliobecause they were accustomed to hearing Mercutios voice constantly. Mercutio shouldnot have tried to tease Tybalt because of the rivalry between Tybalts family and Romeosfamily. While avenging Mercutio, Romeo should have thought about the consequences ofslaying Tybalt. On one hand he filled the urge to kill the man who had killed his friend. On the other hand he killed his wifes cousin. How can one justify killing a member oftheir wifes family? Another consequence he should have taken into consideration was thepunishment he was going to receive from Price Escalus. In act one scene one PrinceEscalus already warned everyone in Verona that if anyone was caught fighting again thewould pay for it with there lives. If Romeo had not gotten into the duel with TybaltRomeo would not have been banished from Verona. When Prince Escalus exiled Romeo,that was the point in the play which was the biggest catastrophe. This is because onceRomeo was exiled he could not see Juliet ever again and Juliet could never see Romeoagain. Friar Lawrence would have never had to devise a plan to put Juliet into a coma andRomeo would not have needed to take his own life thinking Juliet was dead. Friar Laurences plan to put Juliet into a coma until Romeo rescued her was notsafe nor smart. The only person that knew of the truth was Friar Laurence. First of all heshould have thought about some alternatives rather than to deliberately put Juliet into adeep sleep. If the poison was too strong it could have killed Juliet instantly. Anotherproblem about Friar Laurences plan was getting the information about it to Romeo. Heshould have found a better way to deliver the letter in time. In conclusion the person that I believe invited the worst catastrophe was Romeo. This is because when Romeo killed Tybalt everything in his life crumbled. He was exiledand could never see Juliet ever again. Mercutio should have kept his mouth shut when aserious conversation like the grudge between the two families was being discussed. FriarLaurence should have provided a better alternative plan to Juliet instead of the poison. Category: Shakespeare